17th May 2002
Our Mind Electric?
Are our thoughts made of electricity? Not the familiar kind of electrical
signals that travel up and down wires in your computer or nerves in
your brain, but the distributed kind of electromagnetic field that permeates
space and carries the broadcast signal to your TV or radio.
Professor Johnjoe McFadden from the School of Biomedical and Life Sciences
at the University of Surrey believes our conscious mind could be an
electromagnetic field. "The theory solves many previously intractable
problems of consciousness and could have profound implications for our
concepts of mind, free will, spirituality, the design of artificial
intelligence, and even life and death," he said.
Most people consider 'mind' to be all the conscious things that we
are aware of. But much, if not most, mental activity goes on without
awareness. Actions like walking, changing gear in your car or peddling
a bicycle can become as automatic as breathing. The biggest puzzle in
neuroscience is how the brain activity that we're aware of (consciousness)
differs from the brain activity driving all of those unconscious actions.
When we see an object, signals from our retina travel along nerves
as waves of electrically charged ions. When they reach the nerve terminus
the signal jumps to the next nerve via chemical neurotransmitters. The
receiving nerve decides whether or not it will fire, based on the number
of firing votes it receives from its upstream nerves. In this way, electrical
signals are processed in our brain before being transmitted to our body.
But where in all this movement of ions and chemicals, is consciousness?
Scientists can find no region or structure in the brain that specialises
in conscious thinking. Consciousness remains a mystery.
"Consciousness is what makes us 'human', Professor McFadden said.
"Language, creativity, emotions, spirituality, logical deduction,
mental arithmetic, our sense of fairness, truth, ethics, are all inconceivable
without consciousness." But what's it made of?
One of the fundamental questions of consciousness, known as the binding
problem, can be explained by looking at a tree. Most people when asked
how many leaves they see will answer 'thousands'. But neurobiology tells
us that the information (all the leaves) is dissected and scattered
amongst millions of widely separated neurones. Scientists are trying
to explain where in the brain all those leaves are stuck together to
form the conscious impression of a whole tree. How does our brain bind
information to generate consciousness?
What Professor McFadden realised was that every time a nerve fires,
the electrical activity sends a signal to the brain's electromagnetic
(em) field. But unlike solitary nerve signals, information that reaches
the brain's em field is automatically bound together with all the other
signals in the brain. The brain's em field does the binding that is
characteristic of consciousness. What Professor McFadden and, independently,
the New Zealand-based neurobiologist Sue Pockett, have proposed, is
that the brain's em field IS consciousness.
The brain's electromagnetic field is not just an information sink;
it can influence our actions, pushing some neurones towards firing and
others away from firing. This influence, Professor McFadden proposes,
is the physical manifestation of our conscious will.
The theory explains many of the peculiar features of consciousness,
such as its involvement in the learning process. Anyone learning to
drive a car will have experienced how the first (very conscious) fumblings
are transformed through constant practise into automatic actions. The
neural networks driving those first uncertain fumblings are precisely
where we would expect to find nerves in the undecided state when a small
nudge from the brain's em field can topple them towards or away from
firing. The field will 'fine tune' the neural pathway towards the desired
goal. But neurones are connected so that when they fire together, they
wire together, to form stronger connections. After practice, the influence
of the field will become dispensable. The activity will be learnt and
may thereafter be performed unconsciously.
One of the objections to an electromagnetic field theory of consciousness
is if our minds are electromagnetic, then why don't we pass out when
we walk under an electrical cable or any other source of external electromagnetic
fields? The answer is that our skin, skull and cerebrospinal fluid shield
us from external electric fields.
"The conscious electromagnetic information field is at present
still a theory. But if true, there are many fascinating implications
for the concept of free will, the nature of creativity or spirituality,
consciousness in animals and even the significance of life and death.
The theory explains why conscious actions feel so different from unconscious
ones - it is because they plug into the vast pool of information held
in the brain's electromagnetic field," Professor McFadden concluded.
For more information, please contact Professor McFadden at the University
of Surrey, Tel: 01483 686494 or E-mail J.mcfadden@surrey.ac.uk
Media enquiries: Liezel Tipper, Press Officer at the University of
Surrey, Tel: 01483 689314 or E-mail: press-office@surrey.ac.uk
Notes to Editors
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